POLICE COOPERATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION –ORIGINS, PRESENT STATUS AND CHALLENGES
Keywords:
Police Cooperation, Pillar structure, Justice and Home Affairs, Maastricht Treaty, Lisbon Treaty, EuropolAbstract
The article lays ground for a legal analysis of the police cooperation between EU Member States, i.e. its origins in the pillar structure established in the Maastricht Treaty and present-day features based on the Lisbon Treaty, as well as their effect in practice.
In the first part of the article, the institutional setting of the former treaty structure is depicted, in particular in respect of the EU Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) policy, which was regulated through the third pillar of the Maastricht treaty and based on intergovernmental decision-making process. Furthermore, in the second part, the emphasis is put on the incorporation process of the aforementioned third pillar and the “remodelling” of the EU architecture with the aim of ensuring closer cooperation through supranational decision making, which was undertaken in the Lisbon Treaty. The third part deals with the effects of the institutional dialogue set up on the basis of the Treaties taht are in force, in particular with the Lisbon Treaty’s Police Cooperation Policy, and explores common goals of Member States in the most recent political and institutional setting. Finally, aside from dealing with the question of the present distribution of powers among EU institutions and Member states that involves greater involvement of the EU Parliament in all decisions making regarding police cooperation, our article touches upon issues such as the importance of EUROPOL for the EU common goals and shared interests in the areas of police and security policies which are, at the same time, the policies of utmost national interest to each Member State. We argue that further improvement is needed, especially when it comes to better and close cooperation in practice, not only within EU Member States, but also with neighbourhood and accessing states.
References
List of references
Books:
Aden, H. (2015), Police Cooperation in the European Union under the Treaty of Lisbon, Opportunities and Limitations, Baden-Baden, Germany, Nomos
Arnull A, Chalmers D. (2015), New York, The Oxford Handbook of European Union Law,
Craig P, De Burca G. (2011), EU Law, Text, Cases and Materials, 5th ed., New York, Oxford University Press
Craig P, De Burca G. (2011), The Evolution of EU Law, 2nd ed., New York, Oxford University Press
Eckes C., Konstadinides T. (2011.), Crime Within the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: A European Public Order, New York, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011
Lukić Radović M. (2018), Solidarnost u pravu Evropske unije - Izazovi i perspektive, Beograd, Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu
Mitsilegas V. (2009), EU Criminal Law, UK, Hart Publishing
Wallace H, Pollack A. M., and Young R. Y (2010), Policy-Making in the European Union, 7th ed., New York, Oxford University Press
Book chapters:
Aden H. (2015), Police cooperation in the EU before and after the Treaty of Lisbon – continuity and innovation, in H. Aden (Ed.) Police Cooperation in the European Union under the Treaty of Lisbon, Opportunities and Limitations, (pp 15-22), Baden-Badem, Germany, Nomos
Albrech, J.P (2015), EU police cooperation and information sharing: more influence for the European Parliament? In H. Aden (Ed.) Police Cooperation in the European Union under the Treaty of Lisbon, Opportunities and Limitation, (pp 223-234), Baden-Badem, Germany, Nomos
Cahn, O. (2015), Contributions of MS to EU Police External Operations, in H. Aden (Ed.) Police Cooperation in the European Union under the Treaty of Lisbon, Opportunities and Limitations, (pp 189-206), Baden-Badem, Germany, Nomos
Gruschinske M., Hirschmann N., Füger L. (2015), Effective cross-border knowledge sharing between police forces – the German-Polish Police and Customs Cooperation Centre, in H. Aden (Ed.) Police Cooperation in the European Union under the Treaty of Lisbon, Opportunities and Limitation, (pp 177-188), Baden-Baden, Germany, Nomos
Heid A. D. (2015), Before and after the Treaty of Lisbon: the legal framework of police cooperation in the EU compared, in H. Aden (Ed.) Police Cooperation in the European Union under the Treaty of Lisbon, Opportunities and Limitation, (pp 65-80), Baden-Baden, Germany, Nomos
Harding C. (2015), EU Criminal Law under the area of freedom, security and justice, in Chalmers D. and Arnull A, (pp 838)The Oxford Handbook of European Union Law, New York, Oxford University Press
Kietz, D.,(2015), Policy making in policing and criminal justice under Lisbon rules: more democratic, more complex, and more conflict-prone, in H. Aden (Ed.) Police Cooperation in the European Union under the Treaty of Lisbon, Opportunities and Limitations, (pp 65-80), Baden-Badem, Germany, Nomos
Lavenex S. (2010), Justice and Home Affairs – Communitarisation with Hesitation, in Policy Making In the European Union, in Helen S. Wallace, Mark A. Pollack, Alasdair R. Young (Ed.), (pp.458-477), New York, Oxford University Press
Tekin F. (2015), Differentiated integration: ever more relevant for police cooperation after the Treaty of Lisbon? in H. Aden (Ed.) Police Cooperation in the European Union under the Treaty of Lisbon, Opportunities and Limitations, (pp 81-98), Baden-Badem, Germany, Nomos
Peers S. (2011), EU Justice and Home Affairs Law (Non-Civil), in Craig P. De Burca G. (Ed.)The Evolution of EU Law, (2nd ed., pp 269-297) Oxford University Press, 2011
Wessel A. Ramzes, Marin L and Matera C. (2011), The External Dimension of the EUs Area of Freedom, Security and Justice in Eckes C. and Konstadinides T. Crime Within the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: A European Public Order, (pp 272 -300), Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011
Articles:
Luchtman J.J.P. M. (2013), Towards a Transnational Application of the Legality Principle in the EU’s Area of Freedom, Security and Justice? , Utrecht Law Review, 9 (4), 11-33
Lukić Radović M. (2016), The New Theatre of the Struggle for EU Unity - Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters and Police Cooperation Confronts Member States Sovereignty, Annals of the Faculty of Law in Belgrade – Belgrade Law Review, 3, 140-153
Bunyan T. (1993), Trevi Europol and the European state, Statewatching the new Europe, 1993/6, 1-15 (Downloaded on 25 May 2019 (https://www.statewatch.org/news/handbook-trevi.pdf )
Woodward R. (1993), Establishing Europol, European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 1 (4), 7-33
Monaco R. F. (1995), Europol: The Culmination of the European Union’s International Police Cooperation Efforts, Fordham International Law Journal, 19 (1), 247-308
Peers S. (2013), Mission accomplished? EU Justice and Home Affairs Law after the Treaty of Lisbon, Common Market Law Review, Vol. 48, 661-693
Websites and documents downloaded from the Internet:
Factsheet on the Police Cooperation of the EU (2019), accessed June 2 2019, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/156/police-cooperation
Special Eurobarometer Report: Europeans Attitude towards Security (2017), downloaded June 10 2019, http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/yearFrom/1974/yearTo/2017/surveyKy/1569
Eurobarometer Press release IP/09/70, accessed 29 May 2019, europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-09-70_en.pdf
Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs of the European Commission, accessed May 20, 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/police-cooperation_en
Europol, accessed May 20, 2019, www.europol.eu
Europol Strategy 2020, downloaded June 5 2019, file:///C:/Users/Asus/Downloads/europol_strategy_2020.pdf
Summary of JHA documentation: accessed June 1st 2019, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/LSU/?uri=CELEX:12008E067
Schengen Agreement: accesses 24 May, 2019 https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/content/schengen-agreement-convention_en
EU Legal Documents:
Treaty on the European Union, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1992
Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts (OJ C 340, 10.11.1997)
Treaty of Nice amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, signed at Nice, 26 February 2001 - Contents , Official Journal C 080 , 10/03/2001
Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community, Official Journal of the European Union C/306, 17.12.2007
Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Official Journal 115, 09/05/2008
Council Act of 26 July 1995 drawing up the Convention based on Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, on the establishment of a European Police Office ( Europol Convention ), Official Journal of the European Communities No C 316/1, 27. 11. 1995
Council Decision of 6 April 2009 establishing the European Police Office (Europol) (2009/371/JHA), Official Journal of the European Union L 121/37
Books:
Aden, H. (2015), Police Cooperation in the European Union under the Treaty of Lisbon, Opportunities and Limitations, Baden-Baden, Germany, Nomos
Arnull A, Chalmers D. (2015), New York, The Oxford Handbook of European Union Law,
Craig P, De Burca G. (2011), EU Law, Text, Cases and Materials, 5th ed., New York, Oxford University Press
Craig P, De Burca G. (2011), The Evolution of EU Law, 2nd ed., New York, Oxford University Press
Eckes C., Konstadinides T. (2011.), Crime Within the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: A European Public Order, New York, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011
Lukić Radović M. (2018), Solidarnost u pravu Evropske unije - Izazovi i perspektive, Beograd, Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu
Mitsilegas V. (2009), EU Criminal Law, UK, Hart Publishing
Wallace H, Pollack A. M., and Young R. Y (2010), Policy-Making in the European Union, 7th ed., New York, Oxford University Press
Book chapters:
Aden H. (2015), Police cooperation in the EU before and after the Treaty of Lisbon – continuity and innovation, in H. Aden (Ed.) Police Cooperation in the European Union under the Treaty of Lisbon, Opportunities and Limitations, (pp 15-22), Baden-Badem, Germany, Nomos
Albrech, J.P (2015), EU police cooperation and information sharing: more influence for the European Parliament? In H. Aden (Ed.) Police Cooperation in the European Union under the Treaty of Lisbon, Opportunities and Limitation, (pp 223-234), Baden-Badem, Germany, Nomos
Cahn, O. (2015), Contributions of MS to EU Police External Operations, in H. Aden (Ed.) Police Cooperation in the European Union under the Treaty of Lisbon, Opportunities and Limitations, (pp 189-206), Baden-Badem, Germany, Nomos
Gruschinske M., Hirschmann N., Füger L. (2015), Effective cross-border knowledge sharing between police forces – the German-Polish Police and Customs Cooperation Centre, in H. Aden (Ed.) Police Cooperation in the European Union under the Treaty of Lisbon, Opportunities and Limitation, (pp 177-188), Baden-Baden, Germany, Nomos
Heid A. D. (2015), Before and after the Treaty of Lisbon: the legal framework of police cooperation in the EU compared, in H. Aden (Ed.) Police Cooperation in the European Union under the Treaty of Lisbon, Opportunities and Limitation, (pp 65-80), Baden-Baden, Germany, Nomos
Harding C. (2015), EU Criminal Law under the area of freedom, security and justice, in Chalmers D. and Arnull A, (pp 838)The Oxford Handbook of European Union Law, New York, Oxford University Press
Kietz, D.,(2015), Policy making in policing and criminal justice under Lisbon rules: more democratic, more complex, and more conflict-prone, in H. Aden (Ed.) Police Cooperation in the European Union under the Treaty of Lisbon, Opportunities and Limitations, (pp 65-80), Baden-Badem, Germany, Nomos
Lavenex S. (2010), Justice and Home Affairs – Communitarisation with Hesitation, in Policy Making In the European Union, in Helen S. Wallace, Mark A. Pollack, Alasdair R. Young (Ed.), (pp.458-477), New York, Oxford University Press
Tekin F. (2015), Differentiated integration: ever more relevant for police cooperation after the Treaty of Lisbon? in H. Aden (Ed.) Police Cooperation in the European Union under the Treaty of Lisbon, Opportunities and Limitations, (pp 81-98), Baden-Badem, Germany, Nomos
Peers S. (2011), EU Justice and Home Affairs Law (Non-Civil), in Craig P. De Burca G. (Ed.)The Evolution of EU Law, (2nd ed., pp 269-297) Oxford University Press, 2011
Wessel A. Ramzes, Marin L and Matera C. (2011), The External Dimension of the EUs Area of Freedom, Security and Justice in Eckes C. and Konstadinides T. Crime Within the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: A European Public Order, (pp 272 -300), Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011
Articles:
Luchtman J.J.P. M. (2013), Towards a Transnational Application of the Legality Principle in the EU’s Area of Freedom, Security and Justice? , Utrecht Law Review, 9 (4), 11-33
Lukić Radović M. (2016), The New Theatre of the Struggle for EU Unity - Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters and Police Cooperation Confronts Member States Sovereignty, Annals of the Faculty of Law in Belgrade – Belgrade Law Review, 3, 140-153
Bunyan T. (1993), Trevi Europol and the European state, Statewatching the new Europe, 1993/6, 1-15 (Downloaded on 25 May 2019 (https://www.statewatch.org/news/handbook-trevi.pdf )
Woodward R. (1993), Establishing Europol, European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 1 (4), 7-33
Monaco R. F. (1995), Europol: The Culmination of the European Union’s International Police Cooperation Efforts, Fordham International Law Journal, 19 (1), 247-308
Peers S. (2013), Mission accomplished? EU Justice and Home Affairs Law after the Treaty of Lisbon, Common Market Law Review, Vol. 48, 661-693
Websites and documents downloaded from the Internet:
Factsheet on the Police Cooperation of the EU (2019), accessed June 2 2019, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/156/police-cooperation
Special Eurobarometer Report: Europeans Attitude towards Security (2017), downloaded June 10 2019, http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/yearFrom/1974/yearTo/2017/surveyKy/1569
Eurobarometer Press release IP/09/70, accessed 29 May 2019, europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-09-70_en.pdf
Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs of the European Commission, accessed May 20, 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/police-cooperation_en
Europol, accessed May 20, 2019, www.europol.eu
Europol Strategy 2020, downloaded June 5 2019, file:///C:/Users/Asus/Downloads/europol_strategy_2020.pdf
Summary of JHA documentation: accessed June 1st 2019, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/LSU/?uri=CELEX:12008E067
Schengen Agreement: accesses 24 May, 2019 https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/content/schengen-agreement-convention_en
EU Legal Documents:
Treaty on the European Union, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1992
Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts (OJ C 340, 10.11.1997)
Treaty of Nice amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, signed at Nice, 26 February 2001 - Contents , Official Journal C 080 , 10/03/2001
Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community, Official Journal of the European Union C/306, 17.12.2007
Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Official Journal 115, 09/05/2008
Council Act of 26 July 1995 drawing up the Convention based on Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, on the establishment of a European Police Office ( Europol Convention ), Official Journal of the European Communities No C 316/1, 27. 11. 1995
Council Decision of 6 April 2009 establishing the European Police Office (Europol) (2009/371/JHA), Official Journal of the European Union L 121/37
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Published
2020-07-14
Issue
Section
Police Organization – Structure and Functioning
