CHALLENGES OF CONTEMPORARY PREDICTIVE POLICING
Keywords:
predictive policing, crime forecasting, ethics, biases, artificial intelligenceAbstract
Big data algorithms developed for predictive policing are increasingly present in the everyday work of law enforcement. There are various applications of such technologies to predict crimes, potential crime scenes, profiles of perpetrators, and more. In this way, police officers are provided with appropriate assistance in their work, increasing their efficiency or entirely replacing them in specific tasks. Although it needs to be technologically advanced, police use force and arrest, so prediction algorithms can have significantly different, primarily drastic consequences than those that similar technologies would produce in agriculture, industry, or health. For the further development of predictive policing, it is necessary to have a clear picture of the problems it can cause. This paper discusses modern predictive policing from the perspective of challenges that negatively affect its application.
References
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2. Bakke, E. (2018). Predictive Policing: The Argument for Public Transparency. Annual Survey of American Law, 74 (1), 131-171.
3. Brantingham, P. J., Valasik, M. & Mohler, G. O. (2018). Does Predictive Policing Lead to Biased Arrests? Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial, Statistics and Public Policy, 5(1), 1-6.
4. Degeling, M. & Berendt, B. (2018). What is wrong about Robocops as consultants? A technology-centric critique of predictive policing. AI & Soc, 33, 347–356.
5. Ferguson, A. G. (2018). Illuminating Black Data Policing. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 15(2), 503-525.
6. Grace, J. (2019). 'Algorithmic impropriety' in UK policing? Journal of Information Rights, Policy and Practice.
7. Griffard, M. (2019). A Bias-Free Predictive Policing Tool?: An Evaluation of the NYPD's Patternizr. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 47(1), 44-83.
8. Gstrein, O. J., Bunnik, A. & Zwitter, A. (2019). Ethical, Legal and Social Challenges of Predictive Policing. Católica Law Review, 3(3), 77-98.
9. Joh, E. E. (2020). Increasing automation in policing. Commun. ACM, 63 (1), (January 2020), 20–22.
10. Karppi, T. (2018). “The Computer Said So”: On the Ethics, Effectiveness, and Cultural Techniques of Predictive Policing. Social Media + Society, 1-9.
11. Kutnowski, M. (2017). The ethical dangers and merits of predictive policing. Journal of CSWB, 2(1), 13-17.
12. Meijer, A. & Wessels, M. (2019). Predictive Policing: Review of Benefits and Drawbacks. International Journal of Public Administration, 42(12), 1031-1039.
13. Mohler, G., Raje, R., Carter, J., Valasik, M., & Brantingham, J. (2018). A penalized likelihood method for balancing accuracy and fairness in predictive policing. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), 2454-2459.
14. Nissan, A. (2017). Digital technologies and artificial intelligence’s present and foreseeable impact on lawyering, judging, policing and law enforcement. AI & Society, 32, 441-464.
15. Oswald, M., Grace, J., Urwin, S. & Barnes, G. C. (2018). Algorithmic risk assessment policing models: lessons from the Durham HART model and Experimental proportionality. Information & Communications Technology Law, 27(2), 223-250.
16. Oswald, M. & Babuta, A. (2019). Data Analytics and Algorithmic Bias in Policing, Downloaded Jun 5, 2021 https://researchportal.northumbria.ac.uk/files/21729582/ Babuta_Oswald_ Data_Analytics_and_Algorithmic_Bias_in_Policing.pdf.
17. Richardson, R., Schultz, J. M. & Crawford, K. (2019). Dirty Data, Bad Predictions: How Civil Rights Violations Impact Police Data, Predictive Policing Systems, and Justice. New York University Law Review, 94(Online 15), 15-55.
18. Selbst, A. D. (2017). Disparate Impact in Big Data Policing. Georgia Law Review, 52(1), 109-195.
19. Shapiro, A. (2017). Reform Predictive Policing. Nature, 541, 458–460.
20. Shapiro, A. (2019). Predictive Policing for Reform? Indeterminacy and Intervention in Big Data Policing. Surveillance & Society, 17(3/4), 456-472.
21. Strikwerda, L. (2020) Predictive policing: The risks associated with risk assessment. The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles, Downloaded Jun 1, 2021 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0032258X20947749, 1-15.
22. Vogiatzoglou, P. (2019). Mass Surveillance, Predictve Policing and the Implementaton of the CJEU and ECtHR Requirement of Objectvity. European Journal of Law and Technology, 10(1), 1-18.
23. Zuiderveen Borgesius F., J.(2020) .Strengthening legal protection against discrimination by algorithms and artificial intelligence. The International Journal of Human Rights, 24(10), 1572-1593.
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Published
2021-11-26
Issue
Section
Informatics and Applied Mathematics in Forensic, Cybercrime and Security Science
