Students' Experiences of Victimization and Perpetration of Online Violence
Keywords:
online violence, victimization, victims, gender-based violence, studentsAbstract
Purpose
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an accelerated shift to digital services and platforms in all areas, including distance learning and work from home in many professions. Rapid technological development and the increasing use of information and communication technology (ICT) by young people have made them benefit from outstanding opportunities on the internet and via new technologies, in terms of education, socialisation and opportunities. The use of ICT has also led to increased risk of victimisation, as well as criminalisation, in various ways in the digital world. Bearing that in mind, the purpose of this paper is to present findings from research on students’ experiences of victimisation by online violence, as well as their violent behaviour in cyberspace.
Design/Methods/Approach
In this cross-sectional study, the data were collected during the Spring semester of the academic year 2021/22, on a random sample of university students in Serbia. We used an online questionnaire, as a convenient method of data collection, that enables higher response rates, guarantees the anonymity of the respondents, and eliminates any tendency toward bias. The questionnaire used in this survey represents a combination of a victimisation survey and a self-reported survey.
Findings
Research findings show a high risk of online victimization among university students in Serbia. Most of them were victims of multiple forms of online violence, including the IPV, mostly in a form of control tactics. Additionally, in half of the cases, the results indicate victim-offender overlap, with respondents being the victim and the perpetrators of online violence.
Originality/Value
Most of the available research on cyber victimization focuses mainly on children and adolescents as victims and/or as perpetrators, without recognizing the student population as the most frequent users of the IKT, which puts them at high risk of cyber victimization and risk of behaving intrusively and violently in cyberspace. Our research only sheds light on this problem and emphasises the need for more comprehensive research on a sample of this category of young people and the development of preventive strategies adjusted to them in order to prevent their victimisation and perpetration of cyber violence.
Keywords: online violence, victimization, victims, gender-based violence, students.
References
Abaido, G. M. (2020). Cyberbullying on social media platforms among university students in the United Arab Emirates. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 407–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 02673843.2019.1669059
Almenayes, J. (2017). The Relationship between Cyberbullying Victimization and Depression: The Moderating Effects of Gender and Age. Social Networking, 6, 215-223.
Antoniadou, N. & Kokkinos, C. M. (2015). Cyber and school bullying: Same or different phenomena? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25(part B), 363–372. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.avb.2015.09.013
Avais, M. A., Wassan, A. A., Narejo, H. & Khan, J.A. (2014). Awareness Regarding Cyber Victimization Among Students of University of Sindh, Jamshoro. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 4(5), 632-641.
Bernardo, A. B., Tuero, E., Cervero, A., Dobarro, A. & Galve- González, C. (2020). Bullying and cyberbullying: Variables that influence university dropout. Comunicar, 28(64), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.3916/C64-2020-06
Brewer, G. & Kerslake, J. (2015). Cyberbullying, self-esteem, empathy and loneliness. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 255–260. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.chb.2015.01.073
Borrajo, E. (2020). Cyberdating abuse and relational variables. In: S. Caridade & A. M. Dinis (eds.) Adolescent Dating Violence: Outcomes, Challenges and Digital Tools (pp. 49-72). Nova Science Publishers: USA, NY, Hauppauge.
Burke, S., Wallen, M., Vail-Smith, K., Knox, D. (2011). Using technology to control intimate partners: An exploratory study of college undergraduates. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(3), str. 1162-1167.
Caridade, S., Ataíde, I. & Dinis, A. (2020). Cyberdating abuse victimization and association with online dating violence. In M.L. Knudsen (Ed.) Victims of Violence: Support, Challenges and Outcomes (pp. 231-250). USA, NY, Nova Science Publishers: Hauppauge.
Caridade, S. & Braga, T. (2019). Versão portuguesa do Cyber Dating Abuse Questionaire (CDAQ): Adaptação e propriedades psicométricas [Portuguese Version of Cyber Dating Abuse Questionaire (CDAQ): Adaptation and Psychometric Properties]. Análise Psicológica, 37(1), 93–105. https://doi.org/10.14417/ap.1543
Caridade, S. & Dinis, A. M. (2020) Adolescent Dating Violence: Outcomes, Preventive Practices and Further Challenges. In S. Caridade, A. M. Dinis (eds.) Adolescent Dating Violence: Outcomes, Challenges and Digital Tools (pp. 1-18). Nova Science Publishers: USA, NY, Hauppauge.
Caridade, S., Pedrosa e Sousa, H. F. & Pimenta, A. & Dinis, M. A. (2020) Cyber and offline dating abuse in a Portuguese sample: Prevalence and context of abuse. Behavioral Science, 10. doi:10.3390/bs10100152
Cava, M. J., Buelga, S., Carrascosa, L. & Ortega-Baron, J. (2020). Relations among romantic myths, online dating violence victimization and cyber dating violence victimization in adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1551. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17051551
Crosslin, K. L. & Crosslin, M. B. (2014). Cyberbullying at a Texas university: A mixed-methods approach to examining online aggression. Texas Public Health Journal, 66(3), str. 26–31.
Dilmac, B. (2009). Psychological needs as a predictor of cyberbullying: A preliminary report on college students. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 9, str. 1307–1325.
Douglass, C. H., Wright, C. J. C., Davis, A. C. & Lim, M. S. C. (2018). Correlates in person and technology-facilitated sexual harassment from an online survey among young Australians. Sexual Health, 15 (4), 361-365. https://doi.org/10.1071/sh17208
Dragiewicz, M., Burgess, J., Matamoros-Fernandez, A., Salter, M., Suzor, N. P., Woodlock, D. & Harris, B. (2018). Technology facilitated coercive control: Domestic violence and the competing roles of digital media platforms. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), 609-625. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447341
European Institute for Gender Equality. 2020. Violence at a Glance. Available online: https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index/2020/domain/violence, accessed on 12 July 2022.
Farley, S., Coyne, I., Sprigg, C., Axtell, C. & Subramanian, G. (2015). Exploring the impact of workplace cyberbullying on trainee doctors. Medical Education, 49(4), 436–443.https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12666
Finn, J. (2004). A survey of online harassment at a university campus. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(4), str. 468–483.
Francis, L. & Pearson, D. (2019).The recognition of emotional abuse: Adolescents’ responses to warning signs in romantic relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(17-18), 8289-8313. doi: 10.1177/0886260519850537
Francisco, S. M., Veiga Simão, A. M., Ferreira, P. C. & Martins, M. J. D. D. (2015). Cyberbullying: The hidden side of college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 167–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb. 2014.10.045
Gracia-Leiva, M., Puente-Martínez, A. & Ubillos-Landa, S. (2020). Off and online heterosexual dating violence, perceived attachment to parents and peers and suicide risk in young women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3174. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093174
Geffner, R. (2016). Partner aggression versus partner abuse terminology: Moving the field forward and resolving controversies. Journal of Family Violence, 31(8), 923–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-016-9898-8
Harris, B. A. & Woodlock, D. (2019). Digital coercive control: Insights from two landmark domestic violence studies. British Journal of Criminology, 59(3), 530-550. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azy052
Henry, N., Flynn, A. & Powel, A. (2020). Technology-facilitated domestic and sexual violence: A review. Violence Against Women, 26(16), 1828-1854.
Henry, N. & Powell, A. (2015). Beyond the “sext”: Technology-facilitated sexual violence and harassment against adult women. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 48(1), 104-118.
Kokkinos, C. M., Antoniadou, N. & Markos, A. (2014). Cyber-bullying: An investigation of the psychological profile of university student participants. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35(3), str. 204–214.
Kokkinos, C. M., Baltzidis, E. & Xynogala, D. (2016). Computers in human behavior prevalence and personality correlates of Facebook bullying among university undergraduates. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, part B, 840–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.017
Machado, B., Caridade, S., Araújo, I. & Lobato Faria, P. (2022). Mapping the cyber interpersonal violence among young populations: A scoping review. Social Sciences 11(5), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11050207
Merlander, L. (2010). College students’ perceptions of intimate partner cyber harassment. Cyberpsychology, Beohavior and Social Networking, 13(3), 263-268. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0221
Moore, D. S., Notz, W. I. & Flinger, M. A. (2013). The basic practice of statistics (6th ed.). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company.
Mohseny, M., Zamani, Z., Basti, S. A., Sohrabi, M. R., Najafi, A. & Tajdini, F. (2021). Exposure to cyberbullying, cyber victimization, and related factors among high school students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 1-8. https://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.99357
Muñoz-Fernández, N. & Sánchez-Jiménez, V., (2020). Cyber-aggression and psychological aggression in adolescent couples: A short-term longitudinal study on prevalence and common and differential predictors. Computers in Human Behavior, 104: 106191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106191
Neves, S., Forte, A., Pereira, M. & Castro, A. (2020) Sexting and dating violence in Portugal: Framing knowledge, evidence, consequences and impacts. In S. Caridade, A.M. Dinis (Eds.) Adolescent Dating Violence: Outcomes, Challenges and Digital Tools (pp. 73-88). Nova USA, NY, Hauppauge: Science Publishers.
Powell, A. & Henry, N. (2018). Policing technology-facilitated sexual violence against adult victims: Police and service sector perspectives. Policing and Society, 28(3), 291-307.https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2016.1154964
Schenk, A. & Fremouw, J. (2012). Prevalence, psychological impact, and coping of cyberbully victims among college students. Journal of School Violence, 11(1), str. 21-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2011.630310
Schenk, A. M., Fremouw, W. J. & Keelan, C. M. (2013). Characteristics of college cyberbullies. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2320–2327. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.013
Smith, P., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russel, S. & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 376–385.
Smith, K., Mary, J., Lapierre, A., Dion, J., Hébert, M., & Côté, K. (2018). Cyberdating violence: Prevalence and correlates among high school students from small urban areas in Quebec. Journal of Affective Disorders, 234, 220–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jad.2018.02.043
Stephenson, V. L., Wickham, B. M. & Capezza, N. M. (2018). Psychological abuse in the context of social media. Violence and Gender, 5(3), 129–134. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1089/vio.2017.0061
Stevković, Lj., Popović, M. & Kovačević, M. (2019). Viktimizacija studenata u sajber prostoru: Iskustva iz Srbije [Students’ Experiences in Cyberspace: Experiences from Serbia]. Kriminalističke teme, 20(5), 247-270.
Stonard, K. E. (2020). “Technology was designed for this”: Adolescents’ perceptions of the role and impact of the use of technology in cyber dating violence. Computers in Human Behavior, 105: 106211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106211
Stonard, K. E., Bowen, E., Walker, K. & Price, S. A. (2017) “They’ll always find a way to get to you”: Technology use in adolescent romantic relationships and its role in dating violence and abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(14), 2083–2117. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0886260515590787
Woodlock, D. (2017). The Abuse of Technology in Domestic Violence and Stalking. Violence against Women, 23(5), 584-602.
Wozencroft, K., Campbell, M., Orel, A., Kimpton, M. & Leong, E. (2015). University students’ intentions to report cyberbullying. Australian Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 15, 1–12.
Varghese, M. E. & Pistole, M.C. (2017). College student cyberbullying: Self-esteem, depression, loneliness, and attachment. Journal of College Counseling, 20(1), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocc.12055
Vasiljević-Prodanović, D. (2020). Primena računara i interneta u nastavi i učenju na Fakultetu za specijalnu edukaciju i rehabilitaciju. Teme, 44(3), 763-775. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/TEME190205056V
Zweig, J. M., Dank, M., Lachman, P. & Yahner, J. (2013). Technology, teen dating violence and abuse, and bullying. Washington: Urban Institute Justice Policy Center.
Zweig, J. M., Dank, M., Yahner, J. & Lachman, P. (2013). The rate of cyber dating abuse among teens and how it relates to other forms of teen dating violence. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 42, 1063–1077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9922-8
Almenayes, J. (2017). The Relationship between Cyberbullying Victimization and Depression: The Moderating Effects of Gender and Age. Social Networking, 6, 215-223.
Antoniadou, N. & Kokkinos, C. M. (2015). Cyber and school bullying: Same or different phenomena? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25(part B), 363–372. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.avb.2015.09.013
Avais, M. A., Wassan, A. A., Narejo, H. & Khan, J.A. (2014). Awareness Regarding Cyber Victimization Among Students of University of Sindh, Jamshoro. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 4(5), 632-641.
Bernardo, A. B., Tuero, E., Cervero, A., Dobarro, A. & Galve- González, C. (2020). Bullying and cyberbullying: Variables that influence university dropout. Comunicar, 28(64), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.3916/C64-2020-06
Brewer, G. & Kerslake, J. (2015). Cyberbullying, self-esteem, empathy and loneliness. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 255–260. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.chb.2015.01.073
Borrajo, E. (2020). Cyberdating abuse and relational variables. In: S. Caridade & A. M. Dinis (eds.) Adolescent Dating Violence: Outcomes, Challenges and Digital Tools (pp. 49-72). Nova Science Publishers: USA, NY, Hauppauge.
Burke, S., Wallen, M., Vail-Smith, K., Knox, D. (2011). Using technology to control intimate partners: An exploratory study of college undergraduates. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(3), str. 1162-1167.
Caridade, S., Ataíde, I. & Dinis, A. (2020). Cyberdating abuse victimization and association with online dating violence. In M.L. Knudsen (Ed.) Victims of Violence: Support, Challenges and Outcomes (pp. 231-250). USA, NY, Nova Science Publishers: Hauppauge.
Caridade, S. & Braga, T. (2019). Versão portuguesa do Cyber Dating Abuse Questionaire (CDAQ): Adaptação e propriedades psicométricas [Portuguese Version of Cyber Dating Abuse Questionaire (CDAQ): Adaptation and Psychometric Properties]. Análise Psicológica, 37(1), 93–105. https://doi.org/10.14417/ap.1543
Caridade, S. & Dinis, A. M. (2020) Adolescent Dating Violence: Outcomes, Preventive Practices and Further Challenges. In S. Caridade, A. M. Dinis (eds.) Adolescent Dating Violence: Outcomes, Challenges and Digital Tools (pp. 1-18). Nova Science Publishers: USA, NY, Hauppauge.
Caridade, S., Pedrosa e Sousa, H. F. & Pimenta, A. & Dinis, M. A. (2020) Cyber and offline dating abuse in a Portuguese sample: Prevalence and context of abuse. Behavioral Science, 10. doi:10.3390/bs10100152
Cava, M. J., Buelga, S., Carrascosa, L. & Ortega-Baron, J. (2020). Relations among romantic myths, online dating violence victimization and cyber dating violence victimization in adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1551. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17051551
Crosslin, K. L. & Crosslin, M. B. (2014). Cyberbullying at a Texas university: A mixed-methods approach to examining online aggression. Texas Public Health Journal, 66(3), str. 26–31.
Dilmac, B. (2009). Psychological needs as a predictor of cyberbullying: A preliminary report on college students. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 9, str. 1307–1325.
Douglass, C. H., Wright, C. J. C., Davis, A. C. & Lim, M. S. C. (2018). Correlates in person and technology-facilitated sexual harassment from an online survey among young Australians. Sexual Health, 15 (4), 361-365. https://doi.org/10.1071/sh17208
Dragiewicz, M., Burgess, J., Matamoros-Fernandez, A., Salter, M., Suzor, N. P., Woodlock, D. & Harris, B. (2018). Technology facilitated coercive control: Domestic violence and the competing roles of digital media platforms. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), 609-625. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447341
European Institute for Gender Equality. 2020. Violence at a Glance. Available online: https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index/2020/domain/violence, accessed on 12 July 2022.
Farley, S., Coyne, I., Sprigg, C., Axtell, C. & Subramanian, G. (2015). Exploring the impact of workplace cyberbullying on trainee doctors. Medical Education, 49(4), 436–443.https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12666
Finn, J. (2004). A survey of online harassment at a university campus. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(4), str. 468–483.
Francis, L. & Pearson, D. (2019).The recognition of emotional abuse: Adolescents’ responses to warning signs in romantic relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(17-18), 8289-8313. doi: 10.1177/0886260519850537
Francisco, S. M., Veiga Simão, A. M., Ferreira, P. C. & Martins, M. J. D. D. (2015). Cyberbullying: The hidden side of college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 167–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb. 2014.10.045
Gracia-Leiva, M., Puente-Martínez, A. & Ubillos-Landa, S. (2020). Off and online heterosexual dating violence, perceived attachment to parents and peers and suicide risk in young women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3174. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093174
Geffner, R. (2016). Partner aggression versus partner abuse terminology: Moving the field forward and resolving controversies. Journal of Family Violence, 31(8), 923–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-016-9898-8
Harris, B. A. & Woodlock, D. (2019). Digital coercive control: Insights from two landmark domestic violence studies. British Journal of Criminology, 59(3), 530-550. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azy052
Henry, N., Flynn, A. & Powel, A. (2020). Technology-facilitated domestic and sexual violence: A review. Violence Against Women, 26(16), 1828-1854.
Henry, N. & Powell, A. (2015). Beyond the “sext”: Technology-facilitated sexual violence and harassment against adult women. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 48(1), 104-118.
Kokkinos, C. M., Antoniadou, N. & Markos, A. (2014). Cyber-bullying: An investigation of the psychological profile of university student participants. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35(3), str. 204–214.
Kokkinos, C. M., Baltzidis, E. & Xynogala, D. (2016). Computers in human behavior prevalence and personality correlates of Facebook bullying among university undergraduates. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, part B, 840–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.017
Machado, B., Caridade, S., Araújo, I. & Lobato Faria, P. (2022). Mapping the cyber interpersonal violence among young populations: A scoping review. Social Sciences 11(5), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11050207
Merlander, L. (2010). College students’ perceptions of intimate partner cyber harassment. Cyberpsychology, Beohavior and Social Networking, 13(3), 263-268. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0221
Moore, D. S., Notz, W. I. & Flinger, M. A. (2013). The basic practice of statistics (6th ed.). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company.
Mohseny, M., Zamani, Z., Basti, S. A., Sohrabi, M. R., Najafi, A. & Tajdini, F. (2021). Exposure to cyberbullying, cyber victimization, and related factors among high school students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 1-8. https://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.99357
Muñoz-Fernández, N. & Sánchez-Jiménez, V., (2020). Cyber-aggression and psychological aggression in adolescent couples: A short-term longitudinal study on prevalence and common and differential predictors. Computers in Human Behavior, 104: 106191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106191
Neves, S., Forte, A., Pereira, M. & Castro, A. (2020) Sexting and dating violence in Portugal: Framing knowledge, evidence, consequences and impacts. In S. Caridade, A.M. Dinis (Eds.) Adolescent Dating Violence: Outcomes, Challenges and Digital Tools (pp. 73-88). Nova USA, NY, Hauppauge: Science Publishers.
Powell, A. & Henry, N. (2018). Policing technology-facilitated sexual violence against adult victims: Police and service sector perspectives. Policing and Society, 28(3), 291-307.https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2016.1154964
Schenk, A. & Fremouw, J. (2012). Prevalence, psychological impact, and coping of cyberbully victims among college students. Journal of School Violence, 11(1), str. 21-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2011.630310
Schenk, A. M., Fremouw, W. J. & Keelan, C. M. (2013). Characteristics of college cyberbullies. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2320–2327. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.013
Smith, P., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russel, S. & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 376–385.
Smith, K., Mary, J., Lapierre, A., Dion, J., Hébert, M., & Côté, K. (2018). Cyberdating violence: Prevalence and correlates among high school students from small urban areas in Quebec. Journal of Affective Disorders, 234, 220–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jad.2018.02.043
Stephenson, V. L., Wickham, B. M. & Capezza, N. M. (2018). Psychological abuse in the context of social media. Violence and Gender, 5(3), 129–134. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1089/vio.2017.0061
Stevković, Lj., Popović, M. & Kovačević, M. (2019). Viktimizacija studenata u sajber prostoru: Iskustva iz Srbije [Students’ Experiences in Cyberspace: Experiences from Serbia]. Kriminalističke teme, 20(5), 247-270.
Stonard, K. E. (2020). “Technology was designed for this”: Adolescents’ perceptions of the role and impact of the use of technology in cyber dating violence. Computers in Human Behavior, 105: 106211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106211
Stonard, K. E., Bowen, E., Walker, K. & Price, S. A. (2017) “They’ll always find a way to get to you”: Technology use in adolescent romantic relationships and its role in dating violence and abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(14), 2083–2117. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0886260515590787
Woodlock, D. (2017). The Abuse of Technology in Domestic Violence and Stalking. Violence against Women, 23(5), 584-602.
Wozencroft, K., Campbell, M., Orel, A., Kimpton, M. & Leong, E. (2015). University students’ intentions to report cyberbullying. Australian Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 15, 1–12.
Varghese, M. E. & Pistole, M.C. (2017). College student cyberbullying: Self-esteem, depression, loneliness, and attachment. Journal of College Counseling, 20(1), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocc.12055
Vasiljević-Prodanović, D. (2020). Primena računara i interneta u nastavi i učenju na Fakultetu za specijalnu edukaciju i rehabilitaciju. Teme, 44(3), 763-775. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/TEME190205056V
Zweig, J. M., Dank, M., Lachman, P. & Yahner, J. (2013). Technology, teen dating violence and abuse, and bullying. Washington: Urban Institute Justice Policy Center.
Zweig, J. M., Dank, M., Yahner, J. & Lachman, P. (2013). The rate of cyber dating abuse among teens and how it relates to other forms of teen dating violence. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 42, 1063–1077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9922-8
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Published
2023-04-04
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Etiology, Phenomenology and Trends of Contemporary Crime
