SOCIAL MEDIA AS A CATALYST FOR RADICALIZATION: ETIOLOGY AND MODERN TRENDS

Abstract

Abstract

Purpose
To examine how social media platforms contribute to radicalization by exploring the mechanisms, factors, and trends that facilitate the spread of extremist content and influence contemporary crime. The paper will also analyse previous radicalization cases in North Macedonia, specifically assessing whether and how many individuals were radicalized online, and investigate if those convicted for foreign terrorist fighter (FTF) related crimes-most of whom have already served their sentences-continue to share their ideology online.

Design/Methods/Approach
The study utilizes recent case studies and empirical research to analyze the role of platforms like Facebook, Telegram, and YouTube in disseminating extremist content. It investigates extremist tactics and psychological vulnerabilities, focusing on digital echo chambers and targeted recruitment. Additionally, the research will include a review of official documents, existing research, and online content to identify patterns of radicalization in North Macedonia, with particular attention to FTF cases and ongoing online activity by former convicts.

Findings
Social media significantly accelerates radicalization through algorithm-driven content amplification and tailored extremist strategies, especially among youth. The study identifies challenges for law enforcement in differentiating between radical expression and actual threats and underscores the impact of digital echo chambers and online propaganda in normalizing extremist views. In North Macedonia, online media are a potent mechanism for radicalization, with unregulated environments enabling the spread of extremist narratives. Preliminary findings suggest that while religious radicalization is perceived as a higher risk, online channels play a significant role in both religious and political radicalization. The analysis of FTF cases will provide insight into the prevalence of online radicalization and the extent to which former FTF convicts remain active in disseminating extremist ideologies.

Originality/Value
This paper provides a comprehensive and contemporary overview of online radicalization’s etiology and phenomenology, integrating empirical evidence with case studies. By including a focused analysis of North Macedonian radicalization cases-particularly those involving FTFs and their post-release online activities-it offers valuable, context-specific insights into emerging trends and practical implications for prevention and intervention in the digital age