THE POSSIBILITIES AND CHALLENGES OF UAV IMPLEMENTATION IN SERBIAN POLICE
Keywords:
air support, drones, uav, suas, helicopters, safety, privacy protectionAbstract
Police officers are engaged daily on collection of the data necessary for carrying out tasks within their responsibilities. Sometimes this data has to be collected immediately (e.g., police intervention is in progress), while in other situations there will be more time available for data collection. In both cases an aerial perspective can be of great value in gathering critical information for law enforcement.
For a long time aerial support to police operations was provided by manned aircrafts (usually helicopters). Because of technology development during the last decade, law enforcement organizations are turning more and more to cheaper, smaller and stealthier unmanned aerial vehicles popularly called drones. They proved themselves as beneficial to various police branches – from traffic and border police, to tactical units and forensic units. At the same time, their implementation into policing raises significant privacy concerns. Hence their implementation must be followed by strict legal provisions which will regulate the way they can be used. Having this in mind this paper explains the most common ways UAV can complement or substitute existing helicopter unit in Serbia and legal challenges their implementation poses.
References
1. Bentley, J. (2018). Policing the Police: Balancing the Right to Privacy Against the Beneficial Use of Drone Technology, Hastings Law Journal, 70 (1): 274-287.
2. Brezpilotni letalniki (Jun, 2015). Kako izkoristiti njihove prednosti in obvarovati temeljne človekove pravice? Poročilo Informacijskega pooblaščenca, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
3. Gambold, K. & Freeborn, E. (January 2015). “A Comparison of Small Unmanned Aircraft System (SUAS) Aerial and Terrestrial Methods for Accident Scene Investigation Information Collection, Final Summary Overview.
4. European Aviation Safety Agency. (2015). Advance Notice of Proposed Amendment 2015-10: Introduction of a regulatory framework for the operation of drones, (p. 4). Retrieved from: http://www.easa.europa.eu/system/files/dfu/A-NPA%202015-10.pdf.
5. Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services. (November,2017). Planes, drones and helicopters. An independent study of police air support. Retrieved from: https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmicfrs/wp-content/uploads/planes-drones-and-helicopters-an-independent-study-of-police-air-support.pdf.
6. Jurkofsky, D. A. (2015). Accuracy of SUAS Photogrammetry for Use in Accident Scene Diagramming. SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety, 3 (2): 136-152.
7. Mary, M. (2017). A Look at the Fourth Amendment Implications of Drone Surveillance by Law Enforcement Today. ConLawNOW, 9 (1):1-27.
8. Masters, V. (2015). How a Wash. PD is leveraging drone technology to serve citizens. Retrieved from: https://www.policeone.com/police-products/accident-reconstruction/articles/471473006-How-a-Wash-PD-is-leveraging-drone-technology-to-serve-citizens/
9. Milojković, B. (2015). Optimizacija modela malih bespilotnih letelica za potrebe policije. Bezbednost, 57 (3): 5-27.
10. Offical Journal of the European Union [EUR-Lex] October, 2014). Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on the communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council — A new era for aviation — Opening the aviation market to the civil use of remotely piloted aircraft systems in a safe and sustainable manner COM(2014) 207 final. Retrieved from: https://publications.europa.eu/hr/publication-detail/-/publication/54ff1d49-9c8b-11e4-872e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en.
11. Rosenfeld, A. (2019). Are drivers ready for traffic enforcement drones? Accident Analysis & Prevention, 122: 199-206.Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457518308121.
12. Shinnamon, D. L. & Cowell, B. M. (2019). Building and managing a successful public safety UAS program: Practical guidance and lessons learned from the early adopters. National Police Foundation. Washington, DC.
13. Sinđelić, Ž. (2012). Pravo na privatnost-krivičnopravni,krivičnoprocesni i kriminalistički aspekti. Doktorska disertacija. Univerzitet u Beogradu: Pravni fakultet.
14. Storino, P. (2017) “What’s the Deal:” With the Early History of Police Aviation in New York City. Retrieved from: http://nypdhistory.com/the-worlds-first-licensed-pilotpolice-officer-the-pdnycs-own-mile-a-minute-charles-m-murphy-track-bicycle-champ-thrill-seeker-police-aviation-pioneer-and-advocate/
15. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab. (2017). Operational evaluation of unmanned aircraft systems for crash scene reconstruction. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/251628.pdf.
16. Valdovinos, M., Specht, J. & Zeunik, J (2016). Law Enforcement & Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). Guidelines to Enhance Community Trust. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
17. Vasiljević, D., Vasiljević, J:, Đurić, A. & Pavlović, I. (2017). Informacioni system za kontrolu letenja bespilotnih vazduhoplova. International scientific conference on IT and data related research ( 492-497). Belgrade: Singidunum university
18. Zercoe, C.(2018). 5 applications for UAS in law enforcement. Retrieved from: https://www.policeone.com/police-products/accident-reconstruction/articles/470886006-5-applications-for-UAS-in-law-enforcement/.
19. Wallace, R. J. & Loffi, J. M. (2017). How Law Enforcement Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Could Improve Tactical Response to Active Shooter Situations: The Case of the 2017 Las Vegas Shooting. International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace, 4(4):1-12. Retrieved from: https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1198&context=ijaaa.
20. Werner, C. (2015). Fire Technology: Using Drones In the Fire Service.
Retrieved from: https://www.firehouse.com/tech-comm/drones/article/12041104/drones-in-the-fire-service.
Legal acts
1. Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, "Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", no. 98/2006.
2. Law on Personal Data Protection, "Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", No. 97/2008, 104/2009-as amended, 68/2012-decision of Const. Court, and 107/2012.
3. Law on Police, "Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", No. 6/2016, 24/2018 and 87/2018
23. Criminal Code, Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", No. 85/2005, 88/2005-corr., 107/2005-corr., 7372009, 111/2009, 121/2012, 104/2013, 108/2014 and 94/2016.
4. Air Transport Law, "Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", No. 108/15, 73/2010, 57/2011, 93/2012, 45/2015 and 66/2015.
5. Rules on Unmanned Aircrafts, "Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", No. 108/15.
2. Brezpilotni letalniki (Jun, 2015). Kako izkoristiti njihove prednosti in obvarovati temeljne človekove pravice? Poročilo Informacijskega pooblaščenca, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
3. Gambold, K. & Freeborn, E. (January 2015). “A Comparison of Small Unmanned Aircraft System (SUAS) Aerial and Terrestrial Methods for Accident Scene Investigation Information Collection, Final Summary Overview.
4. European Aviation Safety Agency. (2015). Advance Notice of Proposed Amendment 2015-10: Introduction of a regulatory framework for the operation of drones, (p. 4). Retrieved from: http://www.easa.europa.eu/system/files/dfu/A-NPA%202015-10.pdf.
5. Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services. (November,2017). Planes, drones and helicopters. An independent study of police air support. Retrieved from: https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmicfrs/wp-content/uploads/planes-drones-and-helicopters-an-independent-study-of-police-air-support.pdf.
6. Jurkofsky, D. A. (2015). Accuracy of SUAS Photogrammetry for Use in Accident Scene Diagramming. SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety, 3 (2): 136-152.
7. Mary, M. (2017). A Look at the Fourth Amendment Implications of Drone Surveillance by Law Enforcement Today. ConLawNOW, 9 (1):1-27.
8. Masters, V. (2015). How a Wash. PD is leveraging drone technology to serve citizens. Retrieved from: https://www.policeone.com/police-products/accident-reconstruction/articles/471473006-How-a-Wash-PD-is-leveraging-drone-technology-to-serve-citizens/
9. Milojković, B. (2015). Optimizacija modela malih bespilotnih letelica za potrebe policije. Bezbednost, 57 (3): 5-27.
10. Offical Journal of the European Union [EUR-Lex] October, 2014). Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on the communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council — A new era for aviation — Opening the aviation market to the civil use of remotely piloted aircraft systems in a safe and sustainable manner COM(2014) 207 final. Retrieved from: https://publications.europa.eu/hr/publication-detail/-/publication/54ff1d49-9c8b-11e4-872e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en.
11. Rosenfeld, A. (2019). Are drivers ready for traffic enforcement drones? Accident Analysis & Prevention, 122: 199-206.Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457518308121.
12. Shinnamon, D. L. & Cowell, B. M. (2019). Building and managing a successful public safety UAS program: Practical guidance and lessons learned from the early adopters. National Police Foundation. Washington, DC.
13. Sinđelić, Ž. (2012). Pravo na privatnost-krivičnopravni,krivičnoprocesni i kriminalistički aspekti. Doktorska disertacija. Univerzitet u Beogradu: Pravni fakultet.
14. Storino, P. (2017) “What’s the Deal:” With the Early History of Police Aviation in New York City. Retrieved from: http://nypdhistory.com/the-worlds-first-licensed-pilotpolice-officer-the-pdnycs-own-mile-a-minute-charles-m-murphy-track-bicycle-champ-thrill-seeker-police-aviation-pioneer-and-advocate/
15. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab. (2017). Operational evaluation of unmanned aircraft systems for crash scene reconstruction. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/251628.pdf.
16. Valdovinos, M., Specht, J. & Zeunik, J (2016). Law Enforcement & Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). Guidelines to Enhance Community Trust. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
17. Vasiljević, D., Vasiljević, J:, Đurić, A. & Pavlović, I. (2017). Informacioni system za kontrolu letenja bespilotnih vazduhoplova. International scientific conference on IT and data related research ( 492-497). Belgrade: Singidunum university
18. Zercoe, C.(2018). 5 applications for UAS in law enforcement. Retrieved from: https://www.policeone.com/police-products/accident-reconstruction/articles/470886006-5-applications-for-UAS-in-law-enforcement/.
19. Wallace, R. J. & Loffi, J. M. (2017). How Law Enforcement Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Could Improve Tactical Response to Active Shooter Situations: The Case of the 2017 Las Vegas Shooting. International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace, 4(4):1-12. Retrieved from: https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1198&context=ijaaa.
20. Werner, C. (2015). Fire Technology: Using Drones In the Fire Service.
Retrieved from: https://www.firehouse.com/tech-comm/drones/article/12041104/drones-in-the-fire-service.
Legal acts
1. Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, "Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", no. 98/2006.
2. Law on Personal Data Protection, "Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", No. 97/2008, 104/2009-as amended, 68/2012-decision of Const. Court, and 107/2012.
3. Law on Police, "Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", No. 6/2016, 24/2018 and 87/2018
23. Criminal Code, Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", No. 85/2005, 88/2005-corr., 107/2005-corr., 7372009, 111/2009, 121/2012, 104/2013, 108/2014 and 94/2016.
4. Air Transport Law, "Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", No. 108/15, 73/2010, 57/2011, 93/2012, 45/2015 and 66/2015.
5. Rules on Unmanned Aircrafts, "Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", No. 108/15.
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Published
2020-07-14
Issue
Section
Police Organization – Structure and Functioning
