Exploitation of victims of trafficking in human beings in the context of the armed conflict
Keywords:
trafficking in human beings, conflict, victims, exploitationAbstract
The areas where armed conflicts are taking place and have been perpetrated by state or non-state actors involved in conflicts, represent a suitable place for emergence of phenomenon of human trafficking. The exploitation of victims of trafficking in human beings in the context of the armed conflicts can take various forms, so that for the purposes of our research, this category of victims will be classified into two groups: victims of armed activities and victims of non-armed activities. Hence, the first group includes victims that take directly participation in armed combat activities or other activities during combat operations such as minefield cleaning, transport and medical services, etc. The second group includes victims of sexual exploitation in area of conflict and their forms, forced labor in different sector and trafficking in organs.
References
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2.Beber, B., Blattman, C. (2013). The logic of child soldering and coercion. International Organisation, 65-104.
3.Bunting, A. (2012). Forced Marriage in Conflict Situations. Canadian Journal of Human Rights, 1 (1), 165-185.
4.Cook, T., et. all (2015). War trauma and torture experiences reported during public health screening of newly resettled Karen refugees: a qualitative study. International Health and Human Rights, Vol. 15, No. 8, pp.1-13.
5.Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism. (2008). Kidney International 74, 854–859.
6.Erdogdu, E., Mcnett, S., Winstead, D., Friend, R. (2016). Breaking the Stigma against Child S*x Trafficking and Bacha Bazi in Afghanistan. The Journal of Penn State’s University, 1-13.
7.Heartland Alliance for Human Needs & Human Rights Report (2007) Human Trafficking in Iraq Patterns and Practices in Forced Labor and Sexual Exploitation. US: Heartland Alliance.
8.Holz, L.M. (2017). The Role of The Islamic State Terrorist Organization in Human Trafficking. The Yazidi in Iraq. Internet: http://ezidis.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/The_Role_of_The_Islamic_State_Terrorist.pdf (visited on 13.06.2019.).
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11.Human Rights Council, thirty-second sessions (2016). “They came to destroy”: ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis (A/HRC/32/CRP.2).
12.Inter-Agency Standing Committee (2002). Plan of Action and Core Principles. Codes of conduct on protection from sexual abuse and exploitation in humanitarian crises. IASK Task Force on Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in Humanitarian Crises.
13.International Federation for Human Rights (2018). Iraq: Sexual and gender-based crimes against the Yazidi Community: the role of ISIL foreign fighters. Accessed on: June 13, 2019, https://www.refworld.org/docid/5bd2e4fe4.html.
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15.Lewis, D. (2009). Unrecognized Victims: Sexual Violence against Men in Conflict Settings under International Law. Wisconsin International Law Journal, 27 (1), 1-49.
16.Mazurana, D., Carlson, K. (2006). The girl child and armed conflict: Recognizing and addressing grave violations of girls' human rights. United Nations, Division for the Advancement of Women (DWA) in collaboration with UNICEF.
17.McKnight, Ј. (2010) Child Soldiers in Africa: A Global Approach to Human Rights Protection, Enforcement and Post-Conflict Reintegration. African Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 18, No.2, pp. 113-142.
18.Mijalkovic, S. (2009). Suprostavljanje trgovini ljudima i krijumcarenju migranata. Beograd: Sluzbeni glasnik.
19.Mijalković, S., Žarković, M. (2012). Ilegalne migracije i trgovina ljudima. Beograd: Kriminalističko-policijska akademija.
20.Official Records of the General Assemble, Sixty-third Session. Resolution 63/156.
21.Olivier, M. (2017). Africa’s Child Soldiers/Suicide Children. A Regulatory Framework. International Journal of Law and Society. Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 115-124.
22.Peyroux, O. (2015). Trafficking in human beings in conflict and post-conflict situations. With contributions from Caritas Albania, Armenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Kosovo, France, Lebanon Turkey: Progress report.
23.Peyroux, O. (2016). Trafficking in Human Beings in Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations. Caritas France.
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26.Schauer, E., Elbert, T. (2010) The Psychological Impact of Child Soldiering. In: Martz, E. (Ed.) Trauma Rehabilitation after War and Conflict (311-360). New York: Springer.
27.Scheper-Hughes, N. (2017). Neo-cannibalism and ISIS: organs and tissue trafficking during times of political conflict and war. In: Massey, F., Ambagstheer, F., Weimar, W., Ethical, Legal and Psychosocial Aspects of Transplatation: Global Challenges (pp. 166-176), Pabst Science Publishers.
28.Scheper-Hughes, N., Boström, D. (2013). The Body of the Enemy. Brown Journal of Wold Affairs, XIX (11), 243-262.
29.Territo, L., Matteson, R. (2012). The International Trafficking of Human Organs: A Multidisciplinary Perspective (Advances in Police Theory and Practice). CRC Press.
30.The Freedom Fund (2016). Modern slavery and trafficking in conflict: The UN’s response.
31.The UN Secretary-General’s Bulletin (2003). Special Measures for Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, ST/ SGB/2003/13.
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36.United Nation, Security Council (2016) Resolution 2331.
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38.United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) (2002). Women, War and Peace: The Independent Experts’ Assessment on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Women and Women’s Role in Peace Building. Accessed on: June 13, 2019, https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/3F71081FF391653DCI1256C69 003170E9-unicef-WomenWarPeace.pdf
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42.Žarkov, D. (2001). The Body of the Other Man: Sexual Violence and the Construction of Masculinity, Sexuality and Ethnicity in Croatian Media. In: Moser, C., Clark, F., Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence (pp. 69-82), London: Zed Books.
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Published
2020-07-14
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Section
Criminalistic and Criminal Justice Aspects in Solving and Proving of Criminal Of
